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示例代码托管在:
博客园地址:
华为云社区地址:
使用原生canvasAPI
绘制柱状图。(柱状图截图来自于百度Echarts官方示例库)
柱状图或许是最容易实现的图表类型了,矩形的部分直接使用fillRect()
来绘制即可,为了将坐标轴标签文字绘制在小分割线中间,需要用measureText()
来测量文本的宽度,然后进行相应的偏移,否则直接绘制的话文字的左边界会和直线相对齐。其他部分都是一些基本API的使用,希望各位小伙伴通过做练习来熟悉这些API的用法。
提示:代码中将个别图表参数直接写在了函数里(也就是所谓的“魔鬼数字”),这种做法是不提倡的,因为它违反了开发的基本原则之一“开放封闭原则”。如果你使用过Echarts
图表库就会发现,图表中几乎所有要素都可以通过参数来定制,此处只需要关注canvasAPI
的实现方法即可。
/** * 获取canvas绘图上下文 * @type {[type]} */const canvas = document.getElementById('canvas');const context = canvas.getContext('2d');//绘图配置let options = { chartZone:[50,50,1000,700],//标识绘图区域 yAxisLabel:['0','100','200','300','400'],//标示Y轴坐标 yMax:400,//Y轴最大值 xAxisLabel:['Mon','Tue','Wed','Thu','Fri','Sat','Sun'],//X轴坐标 data:[10,50,200,330,390,320,220],//柱状图数据 barStyle:{ width:70,//柱状图宽度 color:'#1abc9c'//柱状图颜色 } }/*Echarts使用时,会调用实例方法echartsInstance.setOptions(options)来启动绘图*/drawBarChart(options);/** * 绘制柱状图 */function drawBarChart(options) { drawAxis(options); //绘制坐标轴 drawYLabels(options); //绘制y轴坐标 drawXLabels(options); //绘制x轴坐标 //drawData(options);//绘制柱状图 drawDataGradient(options);//绘制渐变色柱状图}/** * 绘制坐标轴 */function drawAxis(options) { let chartZone = options.chartZone; context.strokeWidth = 4; context.strokeStyle = '#353535'; context.moveTo(chartZone[0],chartZone[1]); context.lineTo(chartZone[0],chartZone[3]); //y轴总高从50到700 context.lineTo(chartZone[2],chartZone[3]); //x轴总长从50到1000 context.stroke();}/** * 绘制y轴坐标 */function drawYLabels(options) { let labels = options.yAxisLabel; let yLength = (options.chartZone[3] - options.chartZone[1])*0.98; let gap = yLength / (labels.length - 1); labels.forEach(function (label, index) { //绘制坐标文字 let offset = context.measureText(label).width + 20; context.strokeStyle = '#eaeaea'; context.font = '16px'; context.fillText(label, options.chartZone[0] - offset ,options.chartZone[3] - index * gap); //绘制小间隔 context.beginPath(); context.strokeStyle = '#353535'; context.moveTo(options.chartZone[0] - 10, options.chartZone[3] - index * gap); context.lineTo(options.chartZone[0], options.chartZone[3] - index * gap); context.stroke(); //绘制辅助线 context.beginPath(); context.strokeStyle = '#eaeaea'; context.strokeWidth = 2; context.moveTo(options.chartZone[0], options.chartZone[3] - index * gap); context.lineTo(options.chartZone[2], options.chartZone[3] - index * gap); context.stroke(); });}/** * 绘制x轴坐标 */function drawXLabels(options) { let labels = options.xAxisLabel; let xLength = (options.chartZone[2] - options.chartZone[0])*0.96; let gap = xLength / labels.length; labels.forEach(function (label, index) { //绘制坐标文字 let offset = context.measureText(label).width; context.strokeStyle = '#eaeaea'; context.font = '18px'; context.fillText(label, options.chartZone[0] + (index + 1) * gap - offset ,options.chartZone[3] + 20); //绘制小间隔 context.beginPath(); context.strokeStyle = '#353535'; context.moveTo(options.chartZone[0] + (index + 1) * gap - offset / 2 ,options.chartZone[3]); context.lineTo(options.chartZone[0] + (index + 1) * gap - offset / 2,options.chartZone[3]+5); context.stroke(); //存储偏移量 options.offsetXLabel = offset / 2; });}/** * 绘制数据 */function drawData(options) { let data = options.data; let xLength = (options.chartZone[2] - options.chartZone[0])*0.96; let yLength = (options.chartZone[3] - options.chartZone[1])*0.98; let gap = xLength / options.xAxisLabel.length; //绘制矩形 data.forEach(function (item, index) { context.fillStyle = options.barStyle.color || '#1abc9c'; //02BAD4 let x0 = options.chartZone[0] + (index + 1) * gap - options.barStyle.width / 2 - options.offsetXLabel; let height = item / options.yMax * (options.chartZone[3] - options.chartZone[1])*0.98; let y0 = options.chartZone[3] - height; let width = options.barStyle.width; context.fillRect(x0,y0,width,height); });}/** * 绘制线性渐变色柱状图 */function drawDataGradient(options) { let data = options.data; let xLength = (options.chartZone[2] - options.chartZone[0])*0.96; let yLength = (options.chartZone[3] - options.chartZone[1])*0.98; let gap = xLength / options.xAxisLabel.length; //创建渐变色 let fillStyleGradient = context.createLinearGradient(50,50,50,700); fillStyleGradient.addColorStop(0, options.barStyle.color); fillStyleGradient.addColorStop(1, 'rgba(1,176,241,0.6)'); //绘制矩形 data.forEach(function (item, index) { context.fillStyle = fillStyleGradient; let x0 = options.chartZone[0] + (index + 1) * gap - options.barStyle.width / 2 - options.offsetXLabel; let height = item / options.yMax * (options.chartZone[3] - options.chartZone[1])*0.98; let y0 = options.chartZone[3] - height; let width = options.barStyle.width; context.fillRect(x0,y0,width,height); });}
浏览器中可查看效果:
如果希望在坐标轴末端加一个箭头,需要怎么做呢?
/*x轴箭头示例*///1.options中增加箭头颜色和大小的设置let options = { //... axisArrow:{ size:2, color:'#DA5961' }}//箭头绘制函数/** * x轴绘制箭头 */function drawArrow(options) { let factor = options.axisArrow.size;//获取箭头大小因子 context.save();//保存当前设置的绘图上下文 context.translate(options.chartZone[2], options.chartZone[3]);//移动坐标系原点至x轴末端 context.beginPath();//开始绘制箭头 context.moveTo(0,0);//移动至新原点 context.lineTo(2 * factor,-3 * factor); context.lineTo(10 * factor,0); context.lineTo(2 * factor, 3 * factor); context.lineTo(0,0); context.globalAlpha = 0.7; //设置填充色透明度 context.fillStyle = options.axisArrow.color;//获取箭头颜色 context.fill();//填充箭头路径 context.restore();//恢复绘图上下文样式设置}
箭头效果:
y轴的箭头请自行完成即可。
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